What are Pseudo-classes?
A pseudo-class is used to define a special state
of an element.
For example, it can be used to:
- Style an element when a user mouses over it
- Style visited and unvisited links differently
Syntax
The syntax of pseudo-classes:
selector:pseudo-class {
property:value;
}
property:value;
}
Anchor Pseudo-classes
Links can be displayed in different ways:
Example
/* unvisited link */
a:link {
color: #FF0000;
}
/* visited link */
a:visited {
color: #00FF00;
}
/* mouse over link */ a:hover {
color: #FF00FF;
}
/* selected link */
a:active {
color: #0000FF;
}
a:link {
color: #FF0000;
}
/* visited link */
a:visited {
color: #00FF00;
}
/* mouse over link */ a:hover {
color: #FF00FF;
}
/* selected link */
a:active {
color: #0000FF;
}
 |
Note: a:hover MUST come after a:link and
a:visited in the CSS definition in order to be effective! a:active MUST come after
a:hover in the CSS definition in order to be effective!
Pseudo-class names are not case-sensitive. |
|---|
Pseudo-classes and CSS Classes
Pseudo-classes can be combined with CSS classes:
Example
a.highlight:hover {
color: #ff0000;
}
color: #ff0000;
}
When you hover over the link in the example, it will change color.
CSS - The :first-child Pseudo-class
The
:first-child pseudo-class matches a specified element that is the first child of another element.Match the first <p> element
In the following example, the selector matches any <p> element that is the first child of any element:
Example
p:first-child
{
color: blue;
}
color: blue;
}
Match the first <i> element in all <p> elements
In the following example, the selector matches the first <i> element in all <p> elements:
Example
p i:first-child
{
color: blue;
}
color: blue;
}
Match all <i> elements in all first child <p> elements
In the following example, the selector matches all <i> elements
in <p> elements that are the first child of another element:
Example
p:first-child i
{
color: blue;
}
color: blue;
}
CSS - The :lang Pseudo-class
The
:lang pseudo-class allows you to define special rules for different languages.
In the example below,
:lang defines the quotation marks for <q> elements with lang="no":Example
<html>
<head>
<style>
q:lang(no)
{
quotes: "~" "~";
} </style> </head>
<body> <p>Some text <q lang="no">A quote in a paragraph</q> Some text.</p> </body> </html>
quotes: "~" "~";
} </style> </head>
<body> <p>Some text <q lang="no">A quote in a paragraph</q> Some text.</p> </body> </html>
All CSS Pseudo Classes
| Selector | Example | Example description |
|---|---|---|
| :active | a:active | Selects the active link |
| :checked | input:checked | Selects every checked <input> element |
| :disabled | input:disabled | Selects every disabled <input> element |
| :empty | p:empty | Selects every <p> element that has no children |
| :enabled | input:enabled | Selects every enabled <input> element |
| :first-child | p:first-child | Selects every <p> elements that is the first child of its parent |
| :first-of-type | p:first-of-type | Selects every <p> element that is the first <p> element of its parent |
| :focus | input:focus | Selects the <input> element that has focus |
| :hover | a:hover | Selects links on mouse over |
| :in-range | input:in-range | Selects <input> elements with a value within a specified range |
| :invalid | input:invalid | Selects all <input> elements with an invalid value |
| :lang(language) | p:lang(it) | Selects every <p> element with a lang attribute value starting with "it" |
| :last-child | p:last-child | Selects every <p> elements that is the last child of its parent |
| :last-of-type | p:last-of-type | Selects every <p> element that is the last <p> element of its parent |
| :link | a:link | Selects all unvisited links |
| :not(selector) | :not(p) | Selects every element that is not a <p> element |
| :nth-child(n) | p:nth-child(2) | Selects every <p> element that is the second child of its parent |
| :nth-last-child(n) | p:nth-last-child(2) | Selects every <p> element that is the second child of its parent, counting from the last child |
| :nth-last-of-type(n) | p:nth-last-of-type(2) | Selects every <p> element that is the second <p> element of its parent, counting from the last child |
| :nth-of-type(n) | p:nth-of-type(2) | Selects every <p> element that is the second <p> element of its parent |
| :only-of-type | p:only-of-type | Selects every <p> element that is the only <p> element of its parent |
| :only-child | p:only-child | Selects every <p> element that is the only child of its parent |
| :optional | input:optional | Selects <input> elements with no "required" attribute |
| :out-of-range | input:out-of-range | Selects <input> elements with a value outside a specified range |
| :read-only | input:read-only | Selects <input> elements with a "readonly" attribute specified |
| :read-write | input:read-write | Selects <input> elements with no "readonly" attribute |
| :required | input:required | Selects <input> elements with a "required" attribute specified |
| :root | root | Selects the document's root element |
| :target | #news:target | Selects the current active #news element (clicked on a URL containing that anchor name) |
| :valid | input:valid | Selects all <input> elements with a valid value |
| :visited | a:visited | Selects all visited links |
All CSS Pseudo Elements
| Selector | Example | Example description |
|---|---|---|
| ::after | p::after | Insert content after every <p> element |
| ::before | p::before | Insert content before every <p> element |
| ::first-letter | p::first-letter | Selects the first letter of every <p> element |
| ::first-line | p::first-line | Selects the first line of every <p> element |
| ::selection | p::selection | Selects the portion of an element that is selected by a user |
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